《古典建筑完全手册 中英双语版》（英）罗伯特·亚当著；（英）德里克·布伦特纳尔绘图；刘艳红，王文婷，徐培文，梁甜甜，王福刚译|(epub+azw3+mobi+pdf)电子书下载

图书名称：《古典建筑完全手册 中英双语版》

【作　者】（英）罗伯特·亚当著；（英）德里克·布伦特纳尔绘图；刘艳红，王文婷，徐培文，梁甜甜，王福刚译

【页 数】 314

【出版社】 沈阳：辽宁科学技术出版社 , 2017.08

【ISBN号】978-7-5591-0282-9

【价 格】158.00

【分 类】古典建筑-手册-汉、英

【参考文献】 （英）罗伯特·亚当著；（英）德里克·布伦特纳尔绘图；刘艳红，王文婷，徐培文，梁甜甜，王福刚译. 古典建筑完全手册 中英双语版. 沈阳：辽宁科学技术出版社, 2017.08.

图书封面：

图书目录：

《古典建筑完全手册 中英双语版》内容提要：

本书对西方世界不同历史时期、不同风格的建筑以及建筑的内外细部元素通过线描图的形式以及专业的文字说明进行了系统的解读。本书涉及风格包括哥特风格、巴洛克风格、洛可可风格、文艺复兴时期风格、新古典主义风格等；细部元素包括柱式、窗户、门、拱、过道等。全书共收录1300余幅线描图，文字内容按中英文对照形式进行编排，使读者可以欣赏到原滋原味的英文注释，同时可以参阅中文的专业解读。是一本经典的建筑设计资料集性质图书。

《古典建筑完全手册 中英双语版》内容试读

本书的使用

USING THE BOOK

lassical architecture is a familiar part of our everyday lives.For

古典建筑是我们日常生活中很熟悉的一部分。两千年

/two thousand years the tradition of Classical building has been an

以来的古典建筑传统已经成为西方文明的必要组成部分，

essential part of western civilisation and this long association has given us

这一漫长的联系使我们对建筑语汇有了更深刻的了解。

all a deep-rooted understanding of its language.

Like literature.a Classical design can take many forms and can be

正如文学作品一样，经典的设计可以采用多种形式并

expressed in countless different ways.Like a great novel,a great Classical

且以无数不同的手法呈现出来。像一部伟大的小说，一座

building will have a simple message for everyone while offering the

宏伟的古典建筑给每个普通人传递的是简单的信息，然而

knowledgeable spectator layer upon layer of more profound meaning.This

给有学识的观察家提供的则是一层层的深刻内涵。本书将

handbook will help to guide the reader into the creative depths of the

引导读者进入我们居住艺术领域的创造层面

works of art that we inhabit.

In common with the spoken language.Classical design draws its strength

古典设计从它的历史中汲取力量和变化，这一点与语

and variety from its history.From this history have grown myths and

言是相通的。从历史当中衍生出的神话和符号，给最简单

symbols which colour even the simplest designs.Methods of construction

的设计增添色彩。每一个建造手法和微小的细部设计都蕴

and small details each have their own story to tell.Classical Architecture

含着自己的故事。本书将着眼这部分历史，介绍所有的元

will look at this history and introduce all of these elements,tracing their

素，追溯几个世纪以来它们的演变过程并为其应用提供实

evolution through the centuries and offering practical advice for their use.

The richness and diversity of the great heritage of Classical buildings are

际的建议。

first examined in relation to their historical context and use.The book goes

本书将首先审视古典建筑伟大传统的丰富性和多样性

on to describe the different formal systems of design.or Orders,which lie

与其历史内涵和使用之间的关系。再进一步描述隐藏在所

behind all Classical architecture.Parts of buildings and types of decoration

有古典建筑背后不同的正规设计体系，即柱式。然后逐一

are then examined one by one to create a comprehensive picture of the

Classical building in all its aspects.

解读建筑的组成部分和设计风格，生成古典建筑所有组成

Each page of text is a self-contained essay and is placed opposite a page

部分的全景图。

of drawings.usually to scale,which have been prepared specially to illustrate

本书的每一页都是一篇完整的文章，其相对的页面上

the text.This format allows the reader to study the book chapter by chapter

则是图示，通常是按照比例绘制的，其目的是为文章做图

or to select pages or sections of specific interest.

解。这种版式设计使读者既能够逐章学习，又能够挑选感

As it is a specialised subject,Classical architecture has a large number

of technical words.The division of the book into a series of linked essays

兴趣的页面和章节来阅读。

means that the reader may not know or have read previously the definition

由于是专门学科，古典建筑使用大量的术语。将本书

of some of the more obscure but unavoidable expressions.Where these

划分为一系列相关联的章节，意味着读者可能不知道或没

are not defined on the same page a short definition can be found in the

有读到过某些晦涩却必不可少的术语。当这些名词术语也

glossary.The index gives directions to pages where the subject is discussedin more depth.

没有在同一页进行说明时，在术语表中会有简短的解释。

The reader will soon realise just how vast and complex is the study of

目录中指明该条目在哪一页进行更深人的讨论。

Classical architecture.This handbook can only be an introduction.When

读者很快会意识到古典建筑的研究是如此庞大与复

many of these pages can be the subject of several books,the choice of

杂。本书只能为其作简要介绍，其中好多页面内容可以成

material has to be highly selective.The selection is intended to be objectiveand there is no significance in the inevitable list of omissions.Examples

为几本书的题材，因此选材是十分严格的。在选择上力求

have been chosen to show the variety,depth,and dynamism of Classical

客观，对于非重点内容进行必要的删减。所选实例体现古

architecture and to trace the evolution of the tradition as it changes with

典建筑的多样性、深度和活力，来反映随着其所服务的社

the society it serves.

会传统而发生的演变。

1

1.古典传承

1.CLASSICAL HERITAGE

ORIGINS

起源

rom the earliest days,when men learnt to till the soil and herd their

从远古时代人类学会耕种土地和蓄养牲畜起，一些部族

animals,tribes settled the fertile regions around the eastern perimeter

便定居在地中海东部沿岸土地肥沃的地区。

of the Mediterranean Sea

The life and legends of these prehistoric peoples became the

这些史前人类的生活和传说成为西方文明的基石。在未

foundations of western civilisation.In rough villages they housed their

开化的古老村落里，他们为神修建与自己同样的原始民居建

gods in the same primitive dwellings they built for themselves,and in these

筑，这些房屋与庙宇就是古典建筑的起源。

houses and temples lie the roots of Classical architecture

当这些部族走出无知的晦暗，便将祖先的神圣传统精心

As these tribes emerged from illiterate obscurity they jealously preserved

地保存下来，并且记录了已经很古老的口头流传下来的神和

their sacred ancestral traditions and recorded their already ancient spokentales of gods and heroes to create the fountainhead of western literature.

英雄的传说，这就是西方文学的源头。他们的房屋和庙宇体

As their houses and temples grew to reflect the increasing sophistication of

现逐渐复杂的生活方式，他们将祖先简单的建筑构造编织在

their lives,memories of the simple structures of their forebears were woven

新的建筑设计与装饰中。

into the design and decoration of the new buildings.

埃及的石头神庙和坟墓在形状、雕刻和绘画装饰上常常

The stone temples and tombs of Egypt often imitate in their shape,

模仿尼罗河下游早期农民用芦苇建造的房屋。时至今日，在

carvings,and painted decorations the reed houses of the first farmers ofthe Lower Nile.Even today,similar dwellings (b)can be found in riverside

美索不达米亚南部河畔的乡村仍然能找到相似的民居(6)。

villages in southern Mesopotamia.

公元前9世纪，希腊科林斯附近的陶土模制建筑是献祭给

In the nineth century BC.pottery models of buildings were offered to

女神赫拉的。图例中复原的建筑物()可能是这类神庙的模

the goddess Hera,near Corinth in Greece.The reconstruction illustrated (a)

板。公元前7世纪，拉丁部族定居于现在罗马所在的山丘上，

is probably a model of such a temple.In the seventh century BC,the Latintribes that settled the hills that were to become Rome buried the ashes of

将死者的骨灰安置在黏土制的小型棚屋中。图(c)是基于这

their dead in miniature huts of clay and illustration (is a reconstruction of

些容身之处的遗迹的复原图

a hut based on the remains of these vessels.

在这片古典建筑诞生的土地上，这些用乡间天然材料建

Made from the natural materials of the countryside,buildings such as

造的房屋中，仍然居住着迁徙的牧民。至今，这些建筑仍然

these still house migrant shepherds in the lands where Classical architecturewas born.To this day they can serve as permanent homes in the poorer

是世界上贫穷地区人们的固定住所。在古代，不仅普通的乡

regions of the world.In antiquity not only would everyday rural dwellings

间民居能够时刻提醒古典石头神庙的存在，而且到了1世纪，

have served as a constant reminder of the ancestry of stone temples,but

在雅典和罗马，人们还虔诚地保存着茅草屋顶的神庙

up until the first century AD,ancient thatched temples were reverently

在古典建筑漫长的历史中，这些遗留下来的传统逐渐被

preserved in both Athens and Rome.

湮没，有时似乎已被遗忘，有时浮出表面并得以短暂复兴，

Throughout the long history of Classical architecture the influence ofthese inherited origins has lain below the surface,sometimes half-forgotten,

但从未彻底消失过。每一种古典建筑都是这些原始棚屋的后

sometimes emerging to the surface to revitalize the strain,but never totally

裔，使用古典手法是现代与西方文明起源之间鲜活的纽带。

absent.Every Classical building is a descendant of these primitive huts andthe use of Classical architecture is a living bond with the cultural origins of

western civilization.

2

用

埃及

EGYPT

The foundations of western monumental architecture were laid in

西方纪念碑式建筑的基础源于埃及。当希腊首次出现文

LEgypt.By the time the first signs of civilisation began to emerge in

明的迹象时，埃及建筑师已经有一千五百年修建大型建筑的

Greece,Egyptian architects had been building massive structures for fifteen

历史了。

hundred years.

尼罗河带来极其肥沃的泥土，这一自然资源创造了富庶

Soil of unusual richness was carried down the River Nile and the

的文明，由被泰为神明的国王即法老统治。繁复的宗教信仰

exploitation of this resource produced a wealthy civilisation ruled by god-kings,or pharaohs.A complex religion consumed the surplus labour force

需要消耗大量劳动力，用以修建大型建筑物，献祭给半兽身

in the erection of huge buildings dedicated to half-animal gods and the

的神和法老的来世。

afterlife of the pharaohs.

执着地追求永生并创造永恒的思想主宰了古埃及的建

A preoccupation with eternity and the creation of permanence

筑理念。皇家陵墓成为膜拜已逝法老的神庙。到公元前2800

dominated the architecture of ancient Egypt.Royal tombs were templesfor the worship of the deceased pharaoh.By about 2800 BC huge,artificial,

年，开始修建巨大的、人造的、石料砌面的山丘，即金字

stone-faced mountains,or pyramids,were built over rooms containing

塔，并建造在墓室上，用以安放精心涂抹防腐香料的法老遗

the elaborately embalmed body of the pharaoh and his valued worldly

体和他所喜爱的世间财物。金字塔是最早的西方世界用切割

possessions.The pyramids were the first major monuments in the western

石料修建的纪念碑。

world to be constructed with cut stone.

在古代，金字塔随处可见，但是由于其作为坟墓的单一

The pyramids were famed throughout the ancient world,but dueto their solely sepulchral function and huge size they had no practical

功能和它们巨大的体量，对其北部出现的希腊文明并无特殊

influence on the emerging Greek civilisation to the north.The great

影响。另一方面，巨大的封闭石头神庙有时是金字塔建筑群

enclosed stone temples on the other hand,that sometimes accompanied

的附属品，有时独立存在，对希腊的商业和贸易产生了更大

and sometimes stood apart from the pyramid complexes,must have made a

的影响。

greater impression on Greek traders and mercenaries.

The Temple of Khons at Karnak (a)was built in 1198 BC and is quite

卡纳克的月亮神庙(a)修建于公元前1198年，虽然是个

a small example (the nearby Temple of Amon is six times the size).but

比较小的例子（附近的阿蒙神庙是它的6倍），但是比较典

typical.It stood inside a large walled enclosure (not shown)which would

型。它矗立在一个由围墙包围（图中没有显示）的大面积区

have contained service buildings and a sacred lake.The temple faces inwards

域内，其中包括服务楼和圣水湖。神庙向内朝向供奉有神舟

to the sanctuary containing the sacred barge,which is approached on an

室的圣所，通过位于礼仪轴线的引道，经过两座塔楼之间的

axial processional route by way of a large door between two tall pylons.an open court,and a colonnaded room,or hypostyle hall.The sanctuary is

大门、一个开放式庭院和列柱厅可以到达圣所。圣所周围环

surrounded by a corridor giving access to chapels.

绕着长廊通往礼拜堂。

We shall see how individual features of Egyptian architecture had a

我们应该看到，埃及建筑的单个特征对古典风格的发展

major influence on the development of the Classical style,and how details

产生的重大影响，以及细部设计是如何被罗马建筑采纳的。

came to be incorporated in Roman architecture.Yet,although it remainedvirtually unchanged for fifteen hundred years,no Egyptian style became

然而，虽然埃及的建筑风格维持了一千五百年而未发生改

established outside Egypt in antiquity.It was,it seems.too specific and too

变，在境外却没有留下埃及风格的古迹。它好像对于周边贫

conservative for adaptation to the needs of the poorer surrounding cultures.

困地区的文化来说过于特殊与保守。公元前1300年源自古希

The Treasury of Atreus (b)of about 1300 BC,from the Greek Minoan and

腊克里特文明和迈锡尼文明的阿特柔斯宝库()和继希腊民

Mycenaean civilisation,and the Temple at Prinias (d).erected in Crete bythe emerging Greek peoples six hundred years later,illustrate the contrast

族之后六百年的克里特民族在普林尼亚斯修建神庙(()，显

between the advancement and wealth of Egypt and the comparative

示了埃及发达富庶的文明与其北部邻国的落后文明之间的差

backwardness of its northern neighbours.We must look rather to the

异。我们应当看到，比起重要建筑物上精美的石料装饰，埃

adoption of finely dressed stone for buildings of importance,the use of the

及建筑对主流古典主义最重大的贡献在于神庙中梁柱式结构

column and beam system (trabeation)for temples,and an appetite for largeand impressive structures as the most significant contributions of Egyptian

的使用，以及对修建宏伟壮观建筑的热爱。

architecture to the mainstream of Classicism.

4

泳为人床

安店

m1上410

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希腊神庙

THE GREEK TEMPLE

The Minoan and Mycenaean civilisations were destroyed in 1100 BC

克里特文明和迈锡尼文明在公元前1100年被毁，希腊文

L and Greece descended into four centuries of obscurity.By 800 BC

明也在随后的四个世纪中进人到灰暗的时代。到公元前800

the Greek peoples had dispersed and city-states were created in Greece.the

年，希腊分裂，城邦开始在希腊、爱琴海诸岛和土耳其西部

Aegean islands,and on the west coast of Turkey.In the next two centuries

沿岸出现。随后的两个世纪中，这些城邦轮流对西西里、意

these cities in turn colonised Sicily,southern Italy,the south of France,andthe Black Sea.

大利南部、法国南部和黑海地区进行殖民统治。

The Greek states came to profit from their position on the rich trade

希腊城邦因其占据地中海发达的通商路线而获利，并且

routes of the Mediterranean and by about 700 BC were unified in culture

直到公元前700年在文化上是统一的，在政治上则不然。这些

but not in government.These diverse communities were to create a

分散的部族创造出一种文明，将自由思想与内部斗争结合起

civilisation where freedom of thought combined with internal rivalry to

来，带来了知识与艺术的革新

bring about an intellectual and artistic revolution.

The rise of Greek civilisation launched the western world into a

希腊文明的兴起将西方世界带入到政治、知识和艺术的

political,intellectual,and artistic current which has carried it forward

洪流中，并将其推动了两千五百年。然而，当希腊走出灰暗

for two and a half thousand years.The dawn of rational thought did not,

时代后，理性思想的到来并没有驱除野蛮的神，为他们修建

however,dispel the savage gods that followed the Greeks out of their dark

的庙宇成为西方建筑的试金石。

past.and the houses that were built for them became the touchstone of

western architecture

以泥砖和茅草屋顶建筑为基础，如P3图中所示，已经演

From the mud-brick and thatched buildings illustrated on page 3 a new

变出一种新的神庙设计。最初的神庙有着泥质或茅草材质的

temple design evolved.The first temples had flat mud roofs or thatch,but

平屋顶，但是到了公元前8世纪，发明了大片的黏土屋瓦，使

in the eighth century BC,the invention of large clay roof-tiles made it

得带有山墙，又称三角墙和平缓屋顶的简单长方形平面成为

more practical to build a simple rectangular plan with the shallow roof and

现实，山墙体现了古典建筑特征。在更加重要的神庙中使用

gable-end,or pediment,which characterise Classical buildings.On moreimportant temples this roof came to be carried on an open colonnade

环绕在神庙四周的开放式柱廊来支撑屋顶」

which surrounded the temple.

在公元前630年修建的希腊色蒙的阿波罗神庙()中可

All of these new features can be found in the Temple of Apollo

以找到这些新的特征。该神庙采用木质支柱和屋顶。这一基

at Thermon in Greece (a).built in about 630 BC.This temple was

本模式在随后几个世纪的重要神庙建筑中都有保留，但不到

constructed with wooden columns and a timber roof.Its basic form

四十年，建造者已经将暴露的木质特征元素改为石头，例如

remained the pattern for all major temples for centuries to come,butwithin forty years the builders of temples such as that of Artemis in Corfu (b)

科孚岛的阿耳忒弥斯神庙(b)。

had translated all the exposed timber features into stone.

其后的一百五十年主要是细化与扩建。尝试细微的改

There followed one hundred and fifty years of refinement and

动，随着把握的不断增大，开始采用更加修长的比例。但正

enlargement.Small changes were tried out and,as confidence increased,

如公元前460年在意大利帕埃斯图姆修建的赫拉神庙(c)所展

more slender proportions were used,but major temples never strayed farfrom the basic type illustrated by the Temple of Hera at Paestum in Italy

示的，主要的神庙设计从未脱离基本形制。封闭的圣所中供

(of 460 BC.An enclosed sanctuary housed the image of the god:if

奉神明；如果需要的话，内部数排柱子用以帮助支撑屋顶：

necessary,rows of inner columns helped to support the roof:it was entered

通常由门廊进入，后部也是如此，整个建筑物被柱子包围。

through a porch,which was often repeated on the back,and the whole

当建筑物过于庞大，柱子不能支撑其屋顶时，如西西里的阿

structure was surrounded by columns.When a building was of such a huge

格里真托的奥林匹亚姆(d),需要修建承重墙并在其上装饰

size that the columns could not support the roof,such as the Olympieumat Agrigento in Sicily (d).an imitation colonnade was added as decoration

仿造的柱子。

to the supporting walls.

古希腊的建筑师花费两个多世纪来完善这一种建筑形

Ancient Greek architects spent more than two centuries trying to

制，创造出的建筑如此不朽，以至于它作为世界通用的典

perfect just one building type and created an architecture of such enduring

范，存在了两千多年

excellence that it has survived for more than two thousand years as auniversal ideal.

6

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