桑兵近代中国研究系列作品集套装5册电子版阅读|百度网盘下载

时间: 2022-04-17 05:14:54 26 孙中山孙中山袁世凯

编者语：深入了解中国近代史

桑冰现代中国研究系列丛书全5册是现代史学大师桑冰教授从史料中再现史实的现代中国研究系列。历史事件的真面目和前人的初衷，重新认识了晚清的民国。

桑冰现代国学系列合集5本电子版阅读

桑冰近现代国学丛书合集5册电子版预览

桑冰现代中国研究系列电子读物合集5册

简介

1、《历史原声：清代民远的“民国”与“叛徒”》——深入了解近代中国社会变迁，重新认识辛亥历史的必读书籍

2、《朝阳夕阳：清帝退位与接见清朝》——还原从“君主”到“共和”的历史进程，了解晚清关键时期近代史的杰作与中华民国

3、《学术江湖：晚清民国学者与学风》——打破当今民国学者的错误想象，也是晚清民国的本色学者

4、《历史的本色：晚清民国的政治、社会与文化》——呈现历史事件的本色和前人的初衷，重新认识晚清的民国王朝

5、《交流与对抗：现代中日关系史》——理解现代中国在交流与对抗过程中的变迁，理解中日关系的必读之书

作者桑冰介绍

河北渭县博士在历史上。先后担任广东省珠江学者特聘教授、教育部长江学者特聘教授，现任浙江大学高级教授。着有《晚清学子与社会变迁》、《晚清新知识分子的结社与活动》、《汉学与汉学：近代中外学界的互动》、孙中山的活动与思想》、《庚子秦与晚清政局》、《奖学金》《道路与途径》、《交流与对抗：中日现代关系史》、《历史的本色：晚清民国的政治、社会与文化》、《学术江湖：晚清民国的学者与学风》、《旭日东升》孙：清朝《皇帝的退位与接受清朝》等专着，主编《现代中国的知识与制度变迁》等系列同名著作。共同主编《戴继涛收藏》、《现代C 《中国学术批评》、《现代中国学术思想》、《中国研究史》、《阅读方法》等。

内容试用

第四章辛亥革命与日本

1911年期间，日本对中国的影响广泛而深入，长期以来受到国内外学界的高度关注。美国学者道格拉斯·雷诺兹（Douglas R. Reynolds）在《新政革命与日本》（哈佛大学东亚研究委员会，1993年）一书中指出，新政前后，中国的知识体系和制度体系完全不同。之前是一个系统，延续了一千多年；之后就是一个制度，经过逐步的变化和调整，一直延续到今天。作者表达如下观点：

1898年百日光复前夕，中国的思想和制度严格遵循源自中国古代的中国人特有的原则。仅仅 12 年后的 1910 年，中国的意识形态和政府体制就因外来影响而发生了根本性的变化。从最基本的意义上说，这些变化是革命性的。在观念上，中国的新老名人（从高官到老先生、新商人和学生）的语言和思想内涵都发生了变化，一些机构甚至各大媒体也以此来表达自己的想法。在制度上，他们改变了中国历史悠久的政府机构，改变了形成国家和社会的法律和制度，模仿了国外的模式。如果把1910年的中国和1925年的思想和制度比较，甚至今天的中国，你会发现一个基本的连续性，它们都属于同一个现实序列。另一方面，如果将1910年与1898年初进行比较，就会发现意识形态和制度上的界限分明，而且距离越来越远。 [1]

这种日复一日的剧变，使一百多年来中国人的精神观念和行为规范几乎与以往完全不同。今天的中国人不是生活在一个三千年一脉相承的社会文化中，而是在一个世纪以来知识和制度体系发生巨大变化而形成的思想和行为规范的世界的约束下。任达认为，这样的变革是清政府和各级官员领导的一场根本性革命，日本的影响力起着至关重要的作用。尽管他过分强调了日方的主动性、积极性和善意，以及清政府改革的革命性，但也引起了很多批评，认为这未能揭示日方的意图，混淆了不同政界的角色。历史发展中的力量，但说现代知识和制度的根本转变及其深远影响，都是不争的事实。 [2]

当然，转型的历史过程远比任达所描绘的要复杂和深刻。不仅是明治日本，而是整个丰富多样的“西方”；不仅在新政时期，而且在半个多世纪的时间里（态度和行为因域外影响而发生变化，如佛教和耶稣会士）的角色，尤其是后者，西学早已向东传播）；不仅在政府主导的领域观念和制度发生了变化，而且全社会各级各类知识体系也发生了根本性的变化。涉案的不仅是清朝士绅官员和日本顾问，外国人和中国知识分子也都卷入其中。更重要的是，这样的革命性变化不是复制和移植国外的知识和制度。尽管今天中国人生活的知识和制度体系与世界其他国家大体相似，尽管源头蓝图大多在国外。还有很多不是微不足道的。这些巨大的差异不能用实际上未能摆脱西方化的现代化理论来简单地衡量和解释。

关于1911年日本对中国的影响，以往的研究还欠缺水平，需要进一步扩大视野，发现问题；对人类意图和以前事件的误读和误解是很常见的。对此，1911年日本如何影响中国，影响到何种程度，如何理解其影响，仍有相当大的讨论空间。

第 1 节游学和旅行

明治维新后，日本迅速强大起来，并通过一系列的军事、外交和政治活动展示了自己的巨大成就，尤其是甲午和日俄两场胜利，充分展示了新兴东方大国的实力并成为亚洲国家效仿的榜样。百日变法是中国有识之士从甲午战争的失败中看到的，中国应该以日本为榜样，向西方学习，通过改革法律，使之更加强大的政治改革。尽管不幸失败，但变革的方向并没有因此而改变。 20世纪初启动的新政改革，实际上与1980年的改革走在了同一条线上。日俄战争后，政府和反对派进一步确立了必须通过日本甚至模仿日本向西方学习的信念。也就是说，甲午战争后，日本以日本为榜样向西方学习，日俄战争后，日本被西方借鉴。向日本学习就是向西方学习，充分模仿日本做出改变。

关于近代中日交流史，长期以来，重点一直是在日本留学的中国学生。后来，日本在中国的教师和顾问也受到了关注。近年来取得的研究成果相当丰富。但与他们的实际作用相比，还有很大的拓展空间。对于留学日本的学生，现有的研究主要集中在他们作为一个特殊群体存在的情况下，他们在革命和文化传播中的作用。至于回国后数以万计的留学日本学生，如何在政府和社会各界发挥相应的作用，虽然已经有专门的书全面探讨了留学日本与日本的关系。晚清新政（尚晓明，《留日生与晚清新政》，南昌，江西教育出版社，2002），指出了前人研究中存在的问题，从准备宪法教育、教育、军训、法制改革四个方面勾勒出晚清新政下留日学生的总体作用。这并不是说它不像文学优雅那么苛刻，而是强调为了再现历史的错综复杂的关系，特别是历史主体的思想、言行和相互关系，人们应该尽力而为。还原丰富多彩的史实。以前的意图。要想搞清数以万计的留学日本学生回国后的去向和作用，不仅要掌握大量的信息，进行认真细致的整理，还要找到合适的途径，用好的有效方法。但要做到这一点并非易事。

举个例子，清朝实行新政和预备宪法，设置了许多主持机构，任命了各种官员，并赋予了诸侯大大小小各种头衔。，诸侯和高官。它也有各种各样的差事，但往往是几个有能力的人在衙门之间“走”，在衙门之间“走”。其中，实力最强的王荣宝、张宗祥、吕宗玉、曹汝霖四大名将，被称为“四大金刚”。曹汝霖《一生的回忆》说：

我和王赣富、张忠和、卢润生四个人，一直都处于新政的位置，我们讨论得最多。 [3]

他们的势力地位不高，之所以能够参与到秘境中，是因为要向国外，尤其是日本学习，而这些人正好在日本留学，有一些法律背景。法律和政治方面的知识与国外相比当然是有限的，但在首都的官场中，了解日本的法律专家并不多。此外，清政府还聘请了一批日本顾问。王荣宝等人的日本能力和法律政治知识，可以在顾问和有权势的大臣之间进行交流，进一步提升了他们的地位重要性。在各部门的改制中，对相关事项知之甚少、不能说话、甚至束手无策的法院工作人员，希望他们能前去讨论，提出建议，特别是协助或负责制定各项规章制度。创作时间。

Cao Rulin pointed out that the four of them were called the Four Kings, and they were during the period of the Constitutional Administration, which was changed to the Constitutional Administration in 1904. Compilation and Inspection Hall), and the official system establishment hall, play a key role. This matter was originally only reflected in the novelist's words (see Gao Yang's Complete Biography of Cixi). In recent years, based on Cao Rulin's memory and Wang Rongbao's diary and other materials, some scholars have discussed the topic "On the Constitutionalism of the Capital in the Late Qing Dynasty" (Wang Xiaoqiu, "Beijing Social Sciences", No. 3, 2009). Due to the long-term relationship between China and Japan, and Cao Rulin and others became notorious traitors, the new coup system of the Qing government was not recognized by the Kuomintang and the Communist Party, which had been in power for a long time. Few people are interested, and relevant historical materials are rarely collected and sorted out. There are discussions among the academic circles, and we can only stop here, and there are not a few things to be investigated.

For example, is the official establishment hall in which Cao Rulin and others participated? Is there any official organization, and its official name is the bureau or the bureau, and is it the establishment, compilation or compilation? At present, there are different opinions in the public and academic circles. According to Li Jiaju's memorial, it should be the establishment of a bureau, but according to the Qing court's decree, only to send Zaize and others to codify the official system. [4] Various government documents on this matter have been lost. Only the "Eastern Magazine" supplement "Constitutional Government Initial Outline and Constitutional News" recorded that: on September 6, 1906, a compilation hall was established in Langrun Garden, Prince Gong's Mansion, with Sun Baoqi, Yang Shiqi In order to promote the promotion, there are four courses of drafting, evaluation, examination and approval. Jin Bangping, Zhang Yizhen, Cao Rulin and Wang Rongbao are the members of the drafting course, Lu Zongyu, Deng Bangshu and Xiyan are the members of the evaluation course, Wu Tingxie, Guo Zengyu ⒒For the members of the examination and approval, Zhou Shumo and Qian Nengxun were the members of the examination and approval. [5] Such a major event is not recorded in official books, at least it is not normal. What the truth is, needs to be further investigated.

According to the Qing court's vision, it is very important to reform the official system as the starting point for the preparation of the constitution. The fact that a dozen or so successful students studying in Japan actually manipulated such a major decision aroused strong dissatisfaction among the officials. Zhao Binglin said:

I have heard that the official system was compiled by Prince Jian, the great scholar, the minister of military and aircraft, the minister of state affairs, the ministers of various ministries, and the governor of Zhili. There are only a dozen or so newly admitted Japanese students. These foreign students have no academic background, nor have they received general education, and they are the ones who cannot be controlled by their parents and brothers, and they are going to the east. When he arrived in Tokyo, he studied Dongwen Dong language, and was suddenly selected for science. After a few years, he begged the principals of various schools to give him a graduation diploma, or received a fake diploma, thinking that he would enter the powerful portal and hunt for official capital. , Dare to speak out, to bully. The establishment rate of this time is due to the reform of the country's national system, human feelings, and the official system for thousands of years, and the essence of the law since the founding of the country, and I am at a loss. Even in the official system of the Eastern and Western countries, they also stick to one hole and do not know the essence of the body. Therefore, the literature students in the preparation of the attache are covered with the two Japanese staff records as the secret key, and the martial arts students are gathered together according to the Japanese army rules. The book is Jinke. The husband's staff recorder, that is, the annual publication in Japan, the gentleman, and the conventional group, that is, the case of the Japanese Army Ministry's annual collection. The ministers tried to compare these two types of official systems with the ones that have been heard, and nine out of ten are in line with each other. When Taoism is intended, for the purpose of promoting its power, that is, the so-called power of ministers is also increased.

But there are big changes and big productions in our country, how can it be decided by one or two Japanese movies and dozens of international students? My empress dowager and the emperor are benevolent and filial, and I cannot bear to run the world well under the control of the holy ancestor Gaozong. Once the chaos is in the hands of dozens of stinky children, I should ask the ministers and other officials to prepare and submit the memorial. Among them, the Honggang is located, and the imperial court owns it. trade off. If the details of each program are divided into sections, although the details are small and the relationship is extremely important, you should ask the ministers outside Beijing to know each other. Because of the knowledge of the Chinese and foreign countries, you must be familiar with the changes of ancient and modern times. It is ordered that the various articles of the official system that are currently drawn up are detailed and deducted, the reasons are stated, and the rules are carefully determined, which are practical and feasible. One or two foreign students should not be held accountable, and it will be beneficial to formulate the official system. [6]

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桑兵近代中国研究系列作品集套装5册电子版阅读|百度网盘下载

桑冰近现代国学丛书合集5册电子版预览

简介

作者桑冰介绍

目录

内容试用

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